Ansible即席命令指南及示例

作者姚伟斌

Ad-hoc命令在Ansible中用于即时执行任务，无需保存以供以后使用。本文章将讨论Ansible Ad-hoc命令。

在Ansible中有多个任务不需要为其编写单独的Ansible playbook；您只需运行ansible ad-hoc命令即可完成该任务。这些命令是在目标主机上执行单个任务的一行命令。这些命令位于/usr/bin/ansible中。

什么是Ansible Ad-hoc Command？

Ansible ad-hoc命令是一种非常有用的工具，它允许您在一组服务器上执行单个任务，而无需创建完整的playbook。这些命令非常适合执行简单任务，例如检查服务状态或快速运行命令。但是，对于更复杂的任务（例如软件安装），最好使用playbook。

输入一行代码，其中包含相关信息，例如所需的模块名称和必须提供给模块的任何参数，以运行ad-hoc命令。

Ansible ad-hoc命令的语法如下：

ansible  -m  -a ""

这里：

  • 是以逗号分隔的目标主机列表，
  • 是要使用的Ansible模块的名称，和
  • 是要传递给模块的任何参数。

例如，如果要检查一组服务器上的磁盘空间，可以使用带有shell模块的df -h命令，如下所示：

ansible web_servers -m shell -a "df -h"

shell模块将在web_servers组中的所有服务器上运行df -h命令。然后，您将能够在控制台上看到每个服务器的输出。这非常简单和高效！

为什么使用Ansible ad-hoc命令？

除了快速和易于使用外，ad-hoc命令非常适合简单的、一次性的任务，这些任务不需要太多的复杂性。此外，它们是在将模块或命令添加到playbook之前尝试新模块或命令的绝佳方式。这可以帮助您避免错误并节省时间。

如果您正在对服务器上的问题进行故障排除，可以使用它们来检查服务状态、查看日志文件或执行其他诊断任务。

此外，ad-hoc命令也非常灵活！您可以将它们用于各种任务，例如安装软件包、复制文件或同时在多个服务器上运行命令。

如果您想要使服务器管理更轻松高效，那么Ansible ad-hoc命令是最好的选择！

以下是您可以使用它们的一些方式：

  • 重启服务器
  • 管理文件
  • 管理软件包
  • 管理用户和组
  • 管理服务
  • 收集事实
  • 模式和ad-hoc命令

通过Ansible Ad-hoc命令，可以轻松完成诸如ping所有主机以检查其运行状态、复制文件、重启服务器和安装软件包等任务。以下是您必须了解的基本Ansible Ad-hoc命令列表。

基本命令

下面的ad-hoc命令在清单文件中的所有主机上运行一个ping模块。这里的-m是模块的选项。

root@yaoweibin:/home/yaoweibin# ansible all -m ping
node1 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"
    }, 
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}

下面的命令在清单文件'/etc/ansible/hosts'中的Client主机组上运行设置模块。

root@yaoweibin:/home/yaoweibin# ansible Client -m copy -a 'src=/path/to/source/file dest=/path/to/destination/file' -u yaoweibin --become -K
BECOME password: 
node1 | CHANGED => {
    "changed": true,
    "checksum": "b6f7c9c4f97d5f4c81d3d6870dd9e3686bb1b3c8",
    "dest": "/path/to/destination/file",
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "md5sum": "ff0b12b3d6e9a6ff6e6d3e2e3fbd83b0",
    "mode": "0644",
    "owner": "root",
    "size": 1291,
    "src": "/home/yaoweibin/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1626411356.83-194489083856566/source",
    "state": "file",
    "uid": 0
}

The command below is used to copy a directory from a source to a destination for a group of hosts (Client) defined in the inventory file.

root@yaoweibin:/home/yaoweibin# ansible Client -m synchronize -a 'src=/path/to/source/directory dest=/path/to/destination' -u yaoweibin --become -K
BECOME password: 
node1 | CHANGED => {
    "changed": true,
    "dest": "/path/to/destination",
    "mode": "0755",
    "owner": "root",
    "src": "/path/to/source/directory"
}

The command below is used to delete a file or directory for a group of hosts (Client) defined in the inventory file.

root@yaoweibin:/home/yaoweibin# ansible Client -m file -a 'path=/path/to/file_or_directory state=absent' -u yaoweibin --become -K
BECOME password: 
node1 | CHANGED => {
    "changed": true,
    "path": "/path/to/file_or_directory",
    "state": "absent"
}

The command below is used to create a directory for a group of hosts (Client) defined in the inventory file.

root@yaoweibin:/home/yaoweibin# ansible Client -m file -a 'path=/path/to/new_directory state=directory' -u yaoweibin --become -K
BECOME password: 
node1 | CHANGED => {
    "changed": true,
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "mode": "0755",
    "owner": "root",
    "path": "/path/to/new_directory",
    "size": 4096,
    "state": "directory",
    "uid": 0
}

Package Management

The command below is used to install a package for a group of hosts (Client) defined in the inventory file.

root@yaoweibin:/home/yaoweibin# ansible Client -m apt -a 'name=package_name state=present' -u yaoweibin --become -K
BECOME password: 
node1 | CHANGED => {
    "changed": true,
    "stderr": "",
    "stderr_lines": [],
    "stdout": "Reading package lists...nBuilding dependency tree...nReading state information...nThe following additional packages will be installed:n  package_namenThe following NEW packages will be installed:n  package_namen0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.nNeed to get 0 B/XXX MB of archives.nAfter this operation, XXX MB of additional disk space will be used.nSelecting previously unselected package package_name.n(Reading database ... n(Reading database ... 5%n(Reading database ... 10%n(Reading database ... 15%n(Reading database ... 20%n(Reading database ... 25%n(Reading database ... 30%n(Reading database ... 35%n(Reading database ... 40%n(Reading database ... 45%n(Reading database ... 50%n(Reading database ... 55%n(Reading database ... 60%n(Reading database ... 65%n(Reading database ... 70%n(Reading database ... 75%n(Reading database ... 80%n(Reading database ... 85%n(Reading database ... 90%n(Reading database ... 95%n(Reading database ... 100%n(Reading database ... 123456 files and directories currently installed.)nPreparing to unpack .../package_name.deb ...nUnpacking package_name (version) ...nSetting up package_name (version) ...n", 
    "stdout_lines": [
        "Reading package lists...",
        "Building dependency tree...",
        "Reading state information...",
        "The following additional packages will be installed:",
        "  package_name",
        "The following NEW packages will be installed:",
        "  package_name",
        "0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.",
        "Need to get 0 B/XXX MB of archives.",
        "After this operation, XXX MB of additional disk space will be used.",
        "Selecting previously unselected package package_name.",
        "(Reading database ...",
        "(Reading database ... 5%",
        "(Reading database ... 10%",
        "(Reading database ... 15%",
        "(Reading database ... 20%",
        "(Reading database ... 25%",
        "(Reading database ... 30%",
        "(Reading database ... 35%",
        "(Reading database ... 40%",
        "(Reading database ... 45%",
        "(Reading database ... 50%",
        "(Reading database ... 55%",
        "(Reading database ... 60%",
        "(Reading database ... 65%",
        "(Reading database ... 70%",
        "(Reading database ... 75%",
        "(Reading database ... 80%",
        "(Reading database ... 85%",
        "(Reading database ... 90%",
        "(Reading database ... 95%",
        "(Reading database ... 100%",
        "(Reading database ... 123456 files and directories currently installed.)",
        "Preparing to unpack .../package_name.deb ...",
        "Unpacking package_name (version) ...",
        "Setting up package_name (version) ..."
    ]
}

The command below is used to uninstall a package for a group of hosts (Client) defined in the inventory file.

root@yaoweibin:/home/yaoweibin# ansible Client -m apt -a 'name=package_name state=absent' -u yaoweibin --become -K
BECOME password: 
node1 | CHANGED => {
    "changed": true,
    "stderr": "",
    "stderr_lines": [],
    "stdout": "Reading package lists...nBuilding dependency tree...nReading state information...nThe following packages will be REMOVED:n  package_namen0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.nAfter this operation, XXX MB disk space will be freed.n(Reading database ... n(Reading database ... 5%n(Reading database ... 10%n(Reading database ... 15%n(Reading database ... 20%n(Reading database ... 25%n(Reading database ... 30%n(Reading database ... 35%n(Reading database ... 40%n(Reading database ... 45%n(Reading database ... 50%n(Reading database ... 55%n(Reading database ... 60%n(Reading database ... 65%n(Reading database ... 70%n(Reading database ... 75%n(Reading database ... 80%n(Reading database ... 85%n(Reading database ... 90%n(Reading database ... 95%n(Reading database ... 100%n(Reading database ... 123456 files and directories currently installed.)nRemoving package_name (version) ...n", 
    "stdout_lines": [
        "Reading package lists...",
        "Building dependency tree...",
        "Reading state information...",
        "The following packages will be REMOVED:",
        "  package_name",
        "0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.",
        "After this operation, XXX MB disk space will be freed.",
        "(Reading database ...",
        "(Reading database ... 5%",
        "(Reading database ... 10%",
        "(Reading database ... 15%",
        "(Reading database ... 20%",
        "(Reading database ... 25%",
        "(Reading database ... 30%",
        "(Reading database ... 35%",
        "(Reading database ... 40%",
        "(Reading database ... 45%",
        "(Reading database ... 50%",
        "(Reading database ... 55%",
        "(Reading database ... 60%",
        "(Reading database ... 65%",
        "(Reading database ... 70%",
        "(Reading database ... 75%",
        "(Reading database ... 80%",
        "(Reading database ... 85%",
        "(Reading database ... 90%",
        "(Reading database ... 95%",
        "(Reading database ... 100%",
        "(Reading database ... 123456 files and directories currently installed.)",
        "Removing package_name (version) ..."
    ]
}
root@yaoweibin:/home/yaoweibin# ansible Client -m apt -a 'name=nginx state=absent purge=yes' --become

node1 | SUCCESS => {

    "ansible_facts": {

        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/bin/python"

    },

    "changed": true,

    "msg": "",

    "rc": 0,

    "stderr": "",

    "stderr_lines": [],

    "stdout": "Reading package lists...nBuilding dependency tree...nReading state information...nThe following packages will be REMOVED:n  nginx*n0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.nAfter this operation, 848 kB disk space will be freed.n(Reading database ... n(Reading database ... 5%n(Reading database ... 10%n(Reading database ... 15%n(Reading database ... 20%n(Reading database ... 25%n(Reading database ... 30%n(Reading database ... 35%n(Reading database ... 40%n(Reading database ... 45%n(Reading database ... 50%n(Reading database ... 55%n(Reading database ... 60%n(Reading database ... 65%n(Reading database ... 70%n(Reading database ... 75%n(Reading database ... 80%n(Reading database ... 85%n(Reading database ... 90%n(Reading database ... 95%n(Reading database ... 100%n(Reading database ... 132679 files and directories currently installed.)nRemoving nginx (1.14.0-0ubuntu1.5) ...nPurging configuration files for nginx (1.14.0-0ubuntu1.5) ...nProcessing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ...nProcessing triggers for ufw (0.36-0ubuntu0.18.04.1) ...",

    "stdout_lines": [

        "Reading package lists...",

        "Building dependency tree...",

        "Reading state information...",

        "The following packages will be REMOVED:",

        "  nginx*",

        "0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.",

        "After this operation, 848 kB disk space will be freed.",

        "(Reading database ... ",

        "(Reading database ... 5%",

        "(Reading database ... 10%",

        "(Reading database ... 15%",

        "(Reading database ... 20%",

        "(Reading database ... 25%",

        "(Reading database ... 30%",

        "(Reading database ... 35%",

        "(Reading database ... 40%",

        "(Reading database ... 45%",

        "(Reading database ... 50%",

        "(Reading database ... 55%",

        "(Reading database ... 60%",

        "(Reading database ... 65%",

        "(Reading database ... 70%",

        "(Reading database ... 75%",

        "(Reading database ... 80%",

        "(Reading database ... 85%",

        "(Reading database ... 90%",

        "(Reading database ... 95%",

        "(Reading database ... 100%",

        "(Reading database ... 132679 files and directories currently installed.)",

        "Removing nginx (1.14.0-0ubuntu1.5) ...",

        "Purging configuration files for nginx (1.14.0-0ubuntu1.5) ...",

        "Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ...",

        "Processing triggers for ufw (0.36-0ubuntu0.18.04.1) ..."

    ]

}

管理服务

下面的ansible临时命令使用service模块在主机上启动nginx。状态值应该是started。

下面的代码在主机上运行service模块停止nginx服务。状态值变为stopped。
root@yaoweibin:/home/yaoweibin# ansible Client -m service -a ‘name=nginx state=stopped' –become

node1 | CHANGED => {

“ansible_facts”: {

“discovered_interpreter_python”: “/usr/bin/python”

},

“changed”: true,

“name”: “nginx”,

“state”: “stopped”,

“status”: {

“ActiveEnterTimestamp”: “Sat 2019-07-06 08:28:02 EDT”,

“ActiveEnterTimestampMonotonic”: “31411371”,

“ActiveExitTimestampMonotonic”: “0”,

“ActiveState”: “active”,

“After”: “sysinit.target system.slice systemd-journald.socket basic.target network.target”,

“AllowIsolate”: “no”,

“AmbientCapabilities”: “”,

“AssertResult”: “yes”,

“AssertTimestamp”: “Sat 2019-07-06 08:27:59 EDT”,

“AssertTimestampMonotonic”: “27694868”,

“Before”: “multi-user.target shutdown.target”,

“BlockIOAccounting”: “no”,

“BlockIOWeight”: “[not set]”,

“CPUAccounting”: “no”,

“CPUQuotaPerSecUSec”: “infinity”,

“CanReload”: “yes”,

“CanStart”: “yes”,

“CanStop”: “yes”,

“CapabilityBoundingSet”: “cap_chown cap_dac_override cap_dac_read_search cap_fowner cap_fsetid cap_kill cap_setgid cap_setuid cap_setpcap cap_linux_immutable cap_net_bind_service cap_net_broadcast cap_net_admin cap_net_raw cap_ipc_lock cap_ipc_owner cap_sys_module cap_sys_rawio cap_sys_chroot cap_sys_ptrace cap_sys_pacct cap_sys_admin cap_sys_boot cap_sys_nice cap_sys_resource cap_sys_time cap_sys_tty_config cap_mknod cap_lease cap_audit_write cap_audit_control cap_setfcap cap_mac_override cap_mac_admin cap_syslog cap_wake_alarm cap_block_suspend”,

“CollectMode”: “inactive”,

“ConditionResult”: “yes”,

“ConditionTimestamp”: “Sat 2019-07-06 08:27:59 EDT”,

“ConditionTimestampMonotonic”: “27694867”,

“ConfigurationDirectoryMode”: “0755”,

“Conflicts”: “shutdown.target”,

“ControlGroup”: “/system.slice/nginx.service”,

“ControlPID”: “0”,

“DefaultDependencies”: “yes”,

“Delegate”: “no”,

“Description”: “A high performance web server and a reverse proxy server”,

“DevicePolicy”: “auto”,

“Documentation”: “man:nginx(8)”,

“DynamicUser”: “no”,

}

}

检查系统

下面的ansible自适应命令运行一个shell模块来检查根分区上可用的磁盘。

root@yaoweibin:/home/yaoweibin# ansible Client -m shell -a 'df -h /dev/sda2' --become

node1 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda2       923M  113M  748M  14% /boot

下面的命令运行一个shell模块来检查主机上的可用内存(RAM)。

root@yaoweibin:/home/yaoweibin# ansible Client -m shell -a 'free -m' --become

node1 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available

Mem:           5101         854        2760          27        1487        3947

Swap:          8581           0        8581

此命令检查每个正在运行的服务器的正常运行时间。

root@yaoweibin:/home/yaoweibin# ansible Client -a "uptime"

node1 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>

 11:31:17 up 1 day,  2:40,  2 users,  load average: 0.23, 0.05, 0.02

收集事实

下面的ansible自适应命令将为您提供系统的所有自适应信息，包括系统中存在的所有变量。

root@yaoweibin:/home/yaoweibin# ansible all -m setup

node1 | SUCCESS => {

“ansible_facts”: {

“ansible_all_ipv4_addresses”: [

“172.17.0.1”,

“10.0.2.15”

],

“ansible_all_ipv6_addresses”: [

“fe80::763e:c0b4:14df:b273”

],

“ansible_apparmor”: {

“status”: “enabled”

},

“ansible_architecture”: “x86_64”,

“ansible_bios_date”: “12/01/2006”,

“ansible_bios_version”: “VirtualBox”,

“ansible_cmdline”: {

“BOOT_IMAGE”: “/vmlinuz-4.18.0-25-generic”,

“quiet”: true,

“ro”: true,

“root”: “UUID=5f85d8b7-0ab2-48c9-9e6e-4ecfbcbdaa83”,

“splash”: true

},

“ansible_date_time”: {

“date”: “2019-07-07”,

“day”: “07”,

“epoch”: “1562525628”,

“hour”: “14”,

“iso8601”: “2019-07-07T18:53:48Z”,

“iso8601_basic”: “20190707T145348850596”,

“iso8601_basic_short”: “20190707T145348”,

“iso8601_micro”: “2019-07-07T18:53:48.850697Z”,

“minute”: “53”,

“month”: “07”,

“second”: “48”,

“time”: “14:53:48”,

“tz”: “EDT”,

“tz_offset”: “-0400”,

“weekday”: “Sunday”,

“weekday_number”: “0”,

“weeknumber”: “26”,

“year”: “2019”

},

“ansible_default_ipv4”: {

“address”: “10.0.2.15”,

“alias”: “enp0s3”,

“broadcast”: “10.0.2.255”,

“gateway”: “10.0.2.2”,

“interface”: “enp0s3”,

“macaddress”: “08:00:27:68:64:9a”,

“mtu”: 1500,

“netmask”: “255.255.255.0”,

“network”: “10.0.2.0”,

“type”: “ether”

},

“ansible_default_ipv6”: {},

“ansible_device_links”: {

“ids”: {

“sda”: [

“ata-VBOX_HARDDISK_VB3a0a2351-0b6c0ed5”

],

“sda1”: [

“ata-VBOX_HARDDISK_VB3a0a2351-0b6c0ed5-part1”

],

“sda2”: [

“ata-VBOX_HARDDISK_VB3a0a2351-0b6c0ed5-part2”

],

“sda3”: [

“ata-VBOX_HARDDISK_VB3a0a2351-0b6c0ed5-part3”

],

“sda4”: [

“ata-VBOX_HARDDISK_VB3a0a2351-0b6c0ed5-part4”

],

“sr0”: [

“ata-VBOX_CD-ROM_VB2-01700376”

]

},

“labels”: {

“sr0”: [

“VBox_GAs_6.0.2”

]

},

“masters”: {},

“uuids”: {

“sda1”: [

“5f85d8b7-0ab2-48c9-9e6e-4ecfbcbdaa83”

],

“sda2”: [

“b8b7f87b-c3bf-48ed-a44c-f9b3ce0afbe5”

],

“sda3”: [

“a6c77fa6-e292-4a0d-b21f-8804f1949bbd”

],

“sda4”: [

“8207f970-4d9a-47db-a5d5-f620e5b17b7b”

],

“sr0”: [

“2019-01-14-14-57-19-65”

]

}

},

“ansible_devices”: {

“loop0”: {

“holders”: [],

“host”: “”,

“links”: {

“ids”: [],

“labels”: [],

“masters”: [],

“uuids”: []

},

“model”: null,

“partitions”: {},

“removable”: “0”,

“rotational”: “1”,

“sas_address”: null,

“sas_device_handle”: null,

“scheduler_mode”: “none”,

“sectors”: “29704”,

“sectorsize”: “512”,

“size”: “14.50 MB”,

“support_discard”: “4096”,

“vendor”: null,

“virtual”: 1

},

“loop1”: {

“holders”: [],

“host”: “”,

“links”: {

“ids”: [],

“labels”: [],

“masters”: [],

“uuids”: []

},

“model”: null,

“partitions”: {},

“removable”: “0”,

“rotational”: “1”,

“sas_address”: null,

“sas_device_handle”: null,

“scheduler_mode”: “none”,

“sectors”: “0”,

“sectorsize”: “512”,

“size”: “0.00 Bytes”,

“support_discard”: “4096”,

“vendor”: null,

“virtual”: 1

},

}

所以，这就是关于Ansible Ad-hoc命令的全部内容。继续在您的ansible setup上尝试这些命令。使用这些命令运行Ansible模块，而无需编写任何Ansible playbook来执行这些任务。如果在运行这些命令时遇到任何问题，请留下评论。

姚伟斌

程序猿

我是姚伟斌，也被称为文景。我的专业领域涵盖了开放源代码的深度探索、网络编程和网络建站。我热衷于分享我的编程和建站实践经验，尤其擅长于Nginx和Proxy服务器的管理。此外，我还对Python和NodeJS这两种编程语言有着深刻的理解和独到的见解。

最近，我致力于爬虫技术的研究，探索如何通过高效的数据抓取为项目增添价值。我的目标是通过持续的学习和创新，为开放源代码社区贡献我的力量，并帮助那些对网络编程和网站建设感兴趣的人士。

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